AS经济Essay结构解析

上一篇推送我们讲了知识点的准备：AS经济：如何写好一篇Essay？

今天我们来讲写作的结构。 首先来了解一下assessment objectives，这是大家答题的基础。

AO1包括定义，公式，图，以及经济概念的描述 AO2包括causes, consequences, 以及经济概念的解释 AO3是evaluation，大家需要给出一个judgement 每道题都要包含AO1,AO2以及AO3，我们用一个8分题来举例。

23S2 Explain the difference between cost‑push and demand‑pull inflation and consider which is more likely to occur if there is a depreciation in the exchange rate of a country with few natural resources. [8]

AO1：定义cost-push inflation，定义demand-pull inflation，描述他们的不同

AO2：解释depreciation怎么造成cost-push inflation; 解释depreciation怎么造成demand-pull inflation

AO3：讨论哪个更有可能发生，并给出结论

大家有时可能分不清AO1和AO2，我们用两组例子来帮助大家理解。

23S2 With the help of a diagram(s), explain what is meant by equilibrium in a market and ...

23S3 With the help of a circular flow of income diagram, explain how equilibrium is determined in an open economy and ...

前一问，只考察AO1：大家描述什么是equilibrium，并画图就好 后一问，同时考察AO1和AO2.

原因在于，题目问了how equilibrium isdetermined. 这是经济知识点的解释，属于AO2  

23S1 With the help of an AD/AS diagram(s), explain cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation in an economy and ...

23SP Compare the causes of structural unemployment and cyclical unemployment and ...

前一问，只考察AO1：定义cost-push inflation，定义demand-pull inflation，描述他们的不同

后一问，同时考察AO1和AO2

AO1：定义structuralunemployment, 定义cyclical unemployment，比较他们的不同

AO2：解释structural unemployment的原因，解释cyclical unemployment的原因

第一问，并没有问为什么会发生inflation，大家不需要浪费时间去写（当然写了不扣分）。

关于AO1和AO2，大家要了解的是，如果只是描述什么是什么，都属于AO1; 而涉及到解释的内容，都属于AO2.  

Objectives的第二大误区是，如果答案涉及正反面，大家通常会把正面当成AO2，反面当成AO3. 这是个很严重的错误。

Learner guide里很清楚的指出：Both sides of an economic issue should be considered.

因此，如果题目需要讨论正反面，正反面的讨论都属于AO2。而AO3是根据题目的关键词，给出自己的观点。

无论是data题，还是8分题，还是12分题，只要题目包含正反面的讨论，这个都是适用的。 这是考试中非常重要的一点，大家一定要注意！

23F2Assess the possible consequences of a rising rate of inflation for a country such as the US.[6]

AO2：解释通胀上升的好处，解释通胀上升的坏处

AO3：讨论通胀上升对美国到底是好还是不好，并给出结论

23F2 With the help of a diagram, explain what is meant by an appreciation of a floating exchange rate and consider whether a country can only benefit from the appreciation of its currency. [8]

AO2：解释升值的好处，解释升值的坏处

AO3：讨论升值到底是好还是不好，并给出结论

23S1 With the help of a diagram, assess whether the benefits of a buffer stock scheme for an agricultural product always outweigh its disadvantages. [12]

AO2：解释buffer stock的好处，解释buffer stock的坏处

AO3：讨论buffer stock的好处到底是不是一定超过坏处，并给出结论

了解了Objectives，我们就可以来讲解essay的结构。

新考纲下，as的Essay会根据以下的格式进行给分：

a问：3(AO1)+ 3(AO2)+2(AO3)

b问：8(AO1+AO2)+ 4(AO3)

因此，写文章的时候，最稳妥的就是按照这个格式去写。

AS的每一篇Essay a问，都会用一个加粗的and连接。

我们的文章，都是先回答and前面的内容，再回答and后面的内容。

- 如果and前面只有AO1，那and后面的内容就是AO2+AO3。

AO1比较简单，无需进行结构讲解；而AO2+AO3的内容，无论是a问还是b问，结构都是一样的：先回答AO2，再基于AO2的分析，进行evaluation. 我们按照evaluation的关键词，对真题进行了一些分类。

more/most

比较题，先回答各自是怎么样（AO2），再进行比较（AO3）

23S1 With the help of an AD/AS diagram(s), explain cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation in an economy and consider in what circumstances one may be more damaging than the other. [8]

AO2：cost-push的危害，demand-pull的危害

AO3：谁危害更大

23SP With the help of a formula, explain the meaning of price elasticity of supply and consider which factors are most important in determining whether the price elasticity of supply for a good is likely to be relatively elastic or relatively inelastic. [8]

AO2：影响PES的第一个/第二个/第三个factor

AO3：哪个factors最重要

23SP Assess whether a high rate of inflation or a deficit on the current account of the balance of payments is the more serious problem for an economy. [12]

AO2：inflation的问题，cad的问题

AO3：哪个更seriousalwaysalways的题，先回答是/不是（AO2），再讨论是否一定是（AO3）

23S2 Two countries each produce two products and wish to trade with each other.Explain the difference between the principles of absolute advantage and comparativeadvantage and consider whether the principle of comparative advantage is always the more important influence when each country is deciding whether to trade with each other. [8]

AO2：ca是决定trade的因素，ca不是决定trade的因素

AO3：ca到底是不是决定trade的因素Whether…can/should/will这个结构也类似，先回答是/不是（AO2），再讨论是不是（AO3）

23F2 With the help of a diagram, explain what is meant by an appreciation of a floating exchange rate and consider whether a country can only benefit from the appreciation of its currency. [8]

AO2：country可以benefit，country不可以benefit

AO3：country到底可不可以benefit

23F2 Assess whether all market economies should become mixed economies. [12]

AO2：market应该变mix，market不应该变mixAO3：market到底应不应该变mixextent并非所有的AO2都需要写正反面，如果ev的关键词是extent，那AO2只需要进行描述，然后讨论AO2写的是不是一定会发生（AO3）

23F2 Explain the circular flow of income in a closed economy and consider the extent to which the circular flow of income changes as an economy becomes an open economy. [8]

AO2：closed转成open，circular flow会怎么变

AO3：到底会不会这么变

23S3 When the price of a product changes, it usually changes the consumer surplus in the market.Assess how variations in price elasticity of demand for a product determine the extent of changes in consumer surplus in a market. [12]

AO2：价格上升/下降不同的PED对应的不同consequences

AO3：CS的变化到底是不是由PED决定- 对于b问policies的题目，最常考的就是如何用xx policy解决xx问题。

这类题的结构非常固定：第一个policy可以/不可以解决；第二个policy可以/不可以解决（AO2），哪个policy最好（AO3）

23F2 Assess whether supply-side policies are the most effective way to correct a deficit on the current account of the balance of payments of an economy. [12]

AO2：supply side policy可以/不可以解决cadfiscal policy可以/不可以解决cad

AO3：哪个policy最好- 还有些a问，and前面是AO1+AO2，那and后面只有AO3了。

这类题的AO3，出的很杂，大家要根据ev的关键词临场应答。

23S3 With the help of a circular flow of income diagram, explain how equilibrium is determined in an open economy and consider whether a budget deficit or a trade deficit is more likely to cause lasting disequilibrium. [8]

先解释budget deficit怎么导致disequilibrium，trade deficit怎么导致disequilibrium，再给出结论：谁更容易导致disequilibrium.

23S1 With the help of a diagram, explain the difference between the causes of a movement along, and a shift of, a production possibility curve (PPC) and consider which is likely to have the most immediate impact on an economy. [8]

先解释move的impact时间，shift的impact时间，再给出结论：谁有most immediate impact.

AS部分的Essay结构相对比较固定，大家在掌握知识点的同时一定要确保自己了解答题结构，这样才可以答高分。