新考纲下,AS经济Essay的分数完全根据Assessment objectives(AO)来决定。
a问:8分包括3分AO1,3分AO2,2分AO3.
b问:AO1+AO2有8分,AO3有4分.
无论你经济学的多好,任何一篇essay,都需要符合上述的给分结构。
如果漏了相关内容,就是没有分的。
因此,要考高分,我们必须知道什么内容属于哪个AO,才能写出符合mark scheme要求的essay.
新考纲下,CIE已经给出28道真题,这些题已经基本可以帮助我们摸清新考纲下AO的分类方法。
AO1包括definition, formula, diagram, example,concepts.
这个是最容易理解的,我们举几个例子
- With the help of a formula, explain the meaning of cross elasticity ofdemand and...
AO1:XED的定义,公式,大于0和小于0对应的商品性质,elastic/inelastic的含义
- With the help of a diagram(s), explain what is meant by consumersurplus and producer surplus and ...
AO1:CS的定义+图像,PS的定义+图像
- With the help of examples, explain the difference between free goodsand public goods and ...
AO1:free good的定义+例子,public good的定义+例子
- Explain the functions of price in resource allocation and...
AO1:解释price的三个functions
AO2包括causes, effects, consequences, relationships.
这里需要注明3点
1. 同样是经济概念的解释,AO1只需要说明xx是什么,而AO2需要说明xx为什么会发生。
- With the help of a diagram(s), explain what is meant by equilibrium in a market and ...
题目只问了什么是equilibrium,因此只需要解释equilibrium的即可,这里不需要写AO2.
- With the help of a circular flow of income diagram, explain how equilibrium is determined in an open economy and ...
题目问了how equilibrium is determined,因此除了需要解释什么是equilibrium,还要回答equilibrium是怎么来的(W不等于J的时候real GDP会发生变化)。
因此,这里同时包括AO1和AO2.
- With the help of a diagram, explain what is meant by an appreciation ofa floating exchange rate and ...
题目只问了what is meant by an appreciation,这里只需要写AO1
- With the help of a diagram(s), explain the likely causes of a depreciationof a floating exchange rate and consider whether such a depreciation isalways beneficial to an economy
题目问了causes of depreciation,这里AO1和AO2都要写.
2. 很多同学把正面当作AO2,反面当作AO3,这是个非常严重的误区:正反面的讨论都只算AO2,不算AO3(除非题目关键词是extent)
- Assess whether the concept of price elasticity of supply or crosselasticity of demand will be the more useful to a business wanting toincrease its total sales in a growing economy.
PES怎么有用/没用,XED怎么有用/没用都算AO2. 根据冬季考试的mark scheme,如果题目要求写正反面,而你只写一面,那AO2最多5/8:
其他类似的题也是一样的评分标准。
- Assess whether the consequences of economic growth for aneconomy are always positive.
Economic growth的好处坏处都算AO2.
- Assess whether monetary policy or supply-side policy is likely to bemore successful in reducing the rate of inflation in an economy.
monetary怎么可以/不可以解决通胀,supply-side怎么可以/不可以解决通胀都算AO2.
3.题目里出现reasons, 算AO1; 题目里出现causes, 算AO2.
大家可能觉得reasons和causes差不多,但是在academic writing里面,reasons只需要说明是怎么回事,而causes需要更深的分析。
- Explain the possible economic reasons for inequality of income and ...
- Explain the reasons why governments impose taxes and ...
以上两题都只需要写AO1.
- With reference to a country that is known to you, explain the maincauses of unemployment and ...
但凡题目出现causes,那AO1和AO2都需要写。
AO3,主要包括weight up arguments, limitations of models以及extent. 题目当然还会出现不同的evaluation point,但是这三个是比较常见的。
1. weight up arguments
这是考试最经常出现的:AO2已经讨论了正反面,AO3你需要讨论到底是正面还是反面,例如:
- 到底哪个policy能更好的解决xx问题?
- 到底哪个问题更严重?
- 到底是YED还是XED对firm更有用?
- 某个policy到底能不能被justified?
- xxx的好处到底是不是一定超过坏处?
2. limitations of models
我们需要evaluate某个经济概念是否存在理论和现实的差异,例如:
- PED小于1,价格上升,revenue一定增加吗?
- 泡面一定是inferior goods吗?
- 价格上升,QD一定下降吗?
- free market一定不能提供public goods吗?
3. extent of change
我们需要讨论variable到底变化多少,例如:
- income上升,demand上升,但上升多少?由什么决定?
- ir上升,AD下降,但下降多少?由什么决定?
以上就是我们今天的内容,希望大家能完全了解AO对应的知识点。