9月15日托福考情速递

9月15日托福考试落下帷幕，考情速递也为大家整理好啦

今日口语再次整套重复，谢谢ETS让我安心过中秋

同学们觉得这次考得如何？期待备考同学们都能顺利上岸！备考的同学速速集合！快来看看本场具体考了哪些内容吧

阅读

R1

英国的贸易法案促进了美国经济和造船业的发展

17、18世纪，英国颁布了一系列法案，要求英国殖民地只能向英国出口糖和烟草，且只有英国船只能参与贸易。法案还对进入北美殖民地的糖制品征收关税，目的是保护英国商品不受外部竞争。这推动了美国殖民地的造船业发展，因为英国规定船员大部分必须是英国人，造船业因此繁荣，带动美国经济增长和城镇化，纽约后来成为英联邦内的重要航运城市。

英国还要求许多商品必须先出口到英国，再出口到其他国家，但木材等原材料除外。英国通过法律保护国内企业，如给予烟草种植者垄断权，并退还出口税，使其商品能够低价出售。同时，对外来商品征收高关税，补贴本国制造业和纺织业，以低价将商品倾销到其他国家

这些贸易政策为英国和美国带来了财富，促进了英国对殖民地的商品需求和中转贸易，提高了美国的生活水平。

R2

气候和环境变化导致中东和中亚社会结构和农业发生重大变化

大约在公元前几千年时，中东地区气候凉爽湿润，社会发展迅速。然而，约1000年后，中亚社会发生了巨大变化，原先依赖灌溉的文化逐渐衰退和消失。再过几百年后，新的聚居地形成，但粮食和水源已发生改变。考古学家一直在研究这些变化是由气候、地球自转，还是人为因素引起的。

在印度的一片地区，河道的变化可能导致人口迅速减少，定居点被迫搬迁。一座大型城市被完全废弃，新建立的聚居地变得朴素，尽管人口增加，他们不再依赖谷物为主粮，农业和渔业方式也发生了巨大变化。在中东北部，粮食生产策略变化，大城市解体成小型边缘化聚居地，食物和水源减少。东部高原的居民也离开大城市，迁往有绿洲的小聚居地。

经过两三千年，当地气候变化剧烈，不同文化和城市对变化的应对方式各异。有充足水源的地方受影响较小，而缺乏水资源的地区农业和畜牧业减产，社会结构和管理方式也随之改变。适应力强、富有创造性和弹性的文化才能在这样的变化中生存下来，僵化的社会则难以应对这些挑战。

听力

Conversation 1

飞蛾变成黑的原因，讲到原因环境污染和树木砍伐

2. 学生在学生宿舍办公室询问关于一笔账单或罚款的问题，并提到他的记录上有个冻结状态。员工查找后发现，账单是因宿舍检查时发现沙发受损而产生的。他解释了这损坏发生在几个月前，他已在维护办公室留下了维修请求，但未收到回应，因此认为问题不大。然而，员工说明，应该在线提交维护请求才能进行修理，并解释了损坏超出了正常的磨损范围，因此需要赔偿。由于学期末已经很晚，无法再提交线修请求，只能接受罚款。学生被告知罚款不高，15美元，并可以在隔壁办公室支付。

3. 学生和设施主管讨论了校园道路和人行道的维护问题。学生提到在前往 Winslow House时差点绊倒，因为人行道上有一块混凝土破损。设施主管表示会立即派遣团队修复这个问题，并解释了冬季寒冷和冰雪对混凝土的影响。

学生还了解到，校园使用的冰雪融化剂是盐和甜菜汁的混合物。这种混合物比普通盐对混凝土的伤害小。而且成本更低。主管鼓励学生继续推进咖啡店和表演空间的提案

Lecture 1

艺术史，需要高温处理的艺术材料，包括玻璃、陶瓷以及一种较少使用的材料法印斯 (faience)。法印斯与法国产的光滑釉陶器不同，它是古埃及的一种材料，主要由磨碎的石英与钠、钙等成分混合后，经过一次高温烧制制成。与陶器不同，续法印斯只需烧制一次即可同时硬化并产生光亮的釉面。讲师指出，古埃及法印斯的表面颜色通常来自混合材料中的特定成分，如铜氧化物，这使得法印斯能够模仿稀有宝石的外观，这也是它在古埃及受欢迎的原因之一。

讲师还提到，通过显微镜可以区分法印斯和陶器，因为它们在外观上非常相似。法印斯的细节变化随着时间而变化，较晚期的作品显示出更精细的细节，这在技术上较为复杂。为了理解这些细节的制作过程，艺术历史学家如克里夫兰艺术博物馆的帕特里夏·格里芬(PatricicGriffin)* 进行了一系列实验考古项目，她通过调整法印斯混合物的成分和磨细程度发现更细致的作品来自于更细磨的混合物和高钙含量的配方，这可能也是古埃及工匠通过实验发现的。

Lecture 2

地球科学，一种不寻常的研究方法“浮物科学”。浮物科学源于一批塑料浴玩具(青蛙、鸭子、乌龟等)在暴风雨中从货船上掉入太平洋后，开始漂流并最终冲上海滩。

科学家们利用这些漂浮的各玩具追踪洋流的路线，从而了解了北太平洋洋流的变化，进而掌握了水温和盐度的长期变化。相比于昂贵且深度有限的科学仪器，漂流的物品如运动鞋等，不仅能在水面上旅行，而且不需要电池，且带有制造编码方便追踪。此外，浮物科学还被用于研究冰川融水。

科学家们曾尝试用高科技仪器追踪冰川融水的流向，但设备在冰川裂缝(moulin) 中消失了。于是，科学家们决定使用便宜的黄色橡胶鸭子作为替代品，这些鸭子能耐受低温和高压力，并且带有联系方式。尽管至今没有鸭子被找回，但科学家们仍对这种方法抱有希望。

Lecture 3

工程课，讲师讨论了飞机设计的效率，特别是如何减少阻力以提高能效。传统上，减少阻力是提升飞行效率的关键，因为阻力会减缓飞机的速度。然而，研究发现蜻蜓的飞行方式挑战了这一观点。蜻蜓能通过不同的翅膀动作产生复杂的气流模式这些模式不仅帮助它们悬停，还提高了稳定性。

与直升机和蜜蜂万的升力机制不同蜻蜓通过增加阻力来产生更多的向上力量，这种额外的阻力实际上比仅依靠升力要强大四倍。因此，研究者们正在重新思考固定翼设计的效率，考虑到蜻蜓的飞行策略或许提供了更高效的解决方案。

Lecture 4

北欧早期居民准备食物的方法

口语

TASK 1独立口语题

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Learning anything well, whether it's knowledge or a skill, requires a good teacher. Use examples and details to support your opinion.

TASK 2校园题

The reading proposes that students and visitors should not be allowed to access the botanic garden anymore for the protection of plants that will be used for research purposes. And since there are a few parks in town near school, students still have ample opportunities to enjoy nature. However, in the conversation, the man doesn't like this proposal. He thinks it's way too extreme. They should start by letting students know there's the need to protect the plants. Actually, a lot of students don't even know they're doing experiments there. So if they are better informed and know the rules, they will definitely be really careful and follow the rules. They won't disturb anything. Also, it's actually very far to walk to the town parks from campus without a car, which most students don’t have, to make things worse, there’s no public transportation to get there either. So students really rely on this beautiful spot on campus. If that's taken away, they don't have many options left.

TASK 3学术讲座题

Mullerian Mimicry is a biological phenomenon where two or more toxic species evolve to look similar, providing a form of shared protection from predators. The idea is that when a predator encounters one of these toxic species and learns to avoid it, it will also avoid any species with a similar appearance. In the lecture, the professor illustrates this concept with the example of imitator frogs. These frogs have developed bright orange and blue coloration that mimics a nearby toxic species. When predators like snakes encounter the toxic species and have a negative experience, they learn to stay away from anything that looks similar, including the imitator frogs. This mimicry ensures that both species benefit from the predator's learned avoidance, reducing the risk of predation for both the imitator and the original toxic species. It's an effective survival strategy through shared visual warning signals.

TASK 4 学术讲座题

In a business lecture, two different negotiating approaches are discussed. The first approach focuses on maximizing one's own interests and standing firm without any room for adjustment. While this method may seem beneficial for one party, it often leads to frustration for the other side, potentially causing them to reject the deal altogether.

The second approach, however, emphasizes not only achieving the desired outcome but also considering future cooperation and long-term relationships. This method allows for compromise within reasonable limits, ensuring both parties benefit from the negotiation. This approach is particularly useful when the ongoing relationship is important.

写作

综合写作

The writer believesthat agrave has been discovered in the UK, which is believed to belong to King Raldward. However, the professor’s lecture casts doubt on the reading.

To begin with, it is discoveredthat the year of the coins inside is the same as the year of the king's death. The professor in the lecture challenges the opinion, for the reason that there is a problem with the year of discovery,because the king's death was 25 years earlier.

In addition,the tomb is very magnificent and spectacular, so it presumably belongsto the king . However, the professor maintains an opposite opinion that some famous tombs have been stolen, and there are also some small tombs that go unnoticed. The king's tomb may be among them.

In the end, the writer holds the viewthatthe name of a Christian prophet was engravedon the spooninsidethe tomb, and the king was the first king to believe in Christianity . Whereas, the professor in the lecture believes, on the contrary of reading, the spoon may have been a gift from a Christian to the king.

学术讨论

Your professor is teaching a class on economy. Write a post responding to the professor's question.In your response, you should do the following.

Express and support your opinion.

Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.

An effective response will contain at least 100 words.

Doctor

When discussing parenting methods, some parents give their children pocket money every week.And some parents believe that giving their children pocket money has no benefits.Which viewpoint do you support?

Andrew

Giving pocket money to children can cultivate arithmetic skills.

Claire:

This is not a sensible idea. Because different children have different pocket money.Children may compare themselves and have disputes with their parents due to their limited pocket money