10月30日托福考情

10月30日托福考试落下帷幕考情速递也已经出炉了！

本次考试难度偏低

写作竟然整套重复

同学们觉得这次考得如何？

期待备考同学们都能顺利上岸！

备考的同学速速集合！

快来看看本场具体考了哪些内容吧

阅读

R1

1. Soil conservation in the United States 美国保护土壤

美国率先采用了一些方法来防治水土流失，以防止土壤被雨水冲刷和风吹走。这些方法包括条带耕作和最小耕作等。1985年，美国发明了一种CPR技术，后来在巴西、阿根廷和加拿大等国得到应用，但欧洲则相对较晚才采用。此外，还有其他一些方法被广泛应用，例如日本在城市周边建耕地以应对商业压力，同时另一个城市也设定了未来发展目标。

2. Waking Up：Coming out of Hibernation 走出冬眠

本文探讨了动物在冬季和极端气候下的休眠行为，包括冬眠和夏眠。在北部大多数温带地区，动物冬眠时间大约为六个月，从10月持续到次年3月。而在北极圈内，某些物种的冬眠期可延长至9个月。在美国西南部的沙漠地区，干旱可能导致夏眠和冬眠交替进行，例如钝口螈可能会18个月不活动。尽管如此，冬眠的动物并不是始终在沉睡，即使是深入睡眠的冬眠者，也会定期醒来几个小时甚至一整天。为何动物在冬眠期间会周期性苏醒，还未有明确答案，这一直是人们猜测的主题。

R2

1. Pueblo印第安村落的衰退

普韦布洛人的大规模迁徙和城市的崩溃是由于人类活动和自然环境的共同作用导致的。

2.Oviparity and viviparity in reptiles and birds卵生和胎生

这篇文章主要探讨爬行动物和鸟类为何选择卵生而非进化为胎生。

第一段：介绍许多动物选择卵生的好处，如自我保护和抵御环境变化。

第二段：讨论卵生的缺点。

第三段：提到部分爬行动物（如某些蜥蜴）进化为胎生的原因，但仍有许多选择卵生的原因，例如适应环境和减轻照顾幼仔的负担。

第四段：分析鸟类不倾向于胎生的原因，包括胎生可能限制繁殖数量井增加体重，影响飞行能力。

第五段：进一步说明保持卵生状态的原因与风险，指出如果在怀孕期问被捕

R3

1. 地球的大气

第一篇是讲地球的大气的探讨了这个地球早期大气层的演变，还有大气成分的来源。

本文探讨了地球早期大气层的演变及现代大气成分的来源。地球形成于约46亿年前，初始大气层主要由氢和氦构成，这些轻元素在早期逐渐流失。传统观点认为地球引力

不足以保留这些元素，而近期研究提出，巨大天体的碰撞可能将其抛入太空。

2. 工业革命

R4

1.TheChaco Phenomenon

A truly remarkable transformation in settlement patterns occurred in the San Juan basin in northwestern New Mexico in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries, with small household farmsteads giving way to aggregated communities centered on communal masonry buildings that are now called "great houses." These structures are found throughout the basin but are concentrated in Chaco Canyon, where several examples contained hundreds ofrooms and reached four stories in height. The largest great house is Pueblo Bonito, with over 600 rooms covering two acres. The entire episode of great house construction in Chaco, the Bonito phase (A.D. 900-1140), was obviously a time of immense cooperative effort. At least 200,000 wooden beams averaging 5 meters long and 20 centimeters in diameter were brought to the canyon from distances between 40 and 100 kilometers away to build a dozen

great houses, signifying a huge labor investment and a complex production

2.不明

听力

C 1

学生与宿舍主任讨论换宿舍。学生想离开生态屋，对梅里·布莱克宿舍的学术氛围感兴趣希望拓宽视野。主任介绍了申请流程和学生助理机会。学生通过室友了解梅里·布莱克，考虑转专业到新闻学。主任希望学生参与生态屋调查，学生同意。

L1

在人类历史的长河中，从觅食到农业的转变是一个重大的转折点。尽管农业常被看作是人类文明进步的标志，但事实上，觅食者的生活方式也有其独特的优势。觅食者的饮食多样性和营养均衡性是其显著特点，他们的饮食中蛋白质含量较高，这与早期农民相比，后者的饮食往往集中在少数作物上，如稻米和小麦，导致营养种类较少，整体饮食质量不佳。这种差异甚至在早期农民的平均身高上也有所体现，他们比觅食者矮约15厘米。农业的兴起虽然带来了更丰富的食物供应，尤其是在人口增长的情况下，但它也带来了新的风险。农民依赖的作物种类较少，一旦遭遇作物失收，就可能面临严重的饥荒风险。

相比之下，现代觅食者依赖超过百种植物，即使某几种植物失败，他们仍然有其他食物来源。农业的发展也带来了对植物驯化的新挑战。农民在驯化植物时，往往选择具有某些特定特性的种子，而忽略了更为坚韧的品种。这种选择可能导致作物对环境变化的适应性降低，从而增加了农业失败的风险。相比之下，觅食者依赖的植物种类繁多，这为他们提供了更多的选择和适应性。尽管农业时代的生产技术支撑着不断增长的人口数量，但觅食时代的生产方式也有其不可忽视的优势。现代研究者不再简单地将人类分类为觅食者或农民，而是认识到两种生活方式各有利弊。

L 2

环境科学课的可持续建筑和热岛效应这两个关键概念。可持续建筑是一种设计和建造方式，它通过提高能效、减少废物和污染来实现环境友好。这种建筑方式不仅关注建筑的生命周期，还考虑到了建筑对周围环境的影响。例如，建筑的颜色对热的反射和吸收有显著影响。浅色屋顶，尤其是白色屋顶，因其能够反射更多的太阳辐射而逐渐在城市中流行起来。

这种反射作用可以显著降低建筑物内部的温度，从而减少空调的能耗，有助于减少温室气体的排放。热岛效应是城市化的一个直接结果，它描述的是城市地区的空气和表面温度比周围的乡村地区高出至少10度的现象。这种温度差异主要是由于城市的硬化表面，如道路和建筑物，比自然表面如草地和森林吸热更多。这些硬化表面吸收太阳辐射后，会在夜间释放热量，导致城市温度上升。

虽然热岛效应本身并不直接导致全球变暖，但是为了应对这种效应，人们往往会增加空调的使用，这会增加温室气体的排放，间接促进全球变暖。然而，有趣的是，热岛效应在冬季可能会减少取暖需求，因为建筑吸收的热量可以在寒冷的天气中提供一些温暖。但这种减少相对较小，尤其是在夏季，空调需求的激增往往抵消了这种效应。热岛效应可能会扭曲气候变化的长期数据，因为气温测量往往在城市地区进行，而这些地区的气温受到热岛效应的影响。因此，为了准确评估气候变化，需要对这些数据进行调整，以考虑热岛效应的影响。

C 2

Bob向史密斯教授询问了“递减收益法则”的实际应用。教授解释说，当生产中某方面改进到一定程度后，收益会开始减少，比如农民种番茄提高产量，但后续会因为土地和人手不足导致收益下降。鲍勃担心他工作的咖啡店增加员工会导致拥挤，教授建议他考虑顾客需求和制作能力，并与老板沟通。鲍勃意识到需要更多信息来做出决策。

L 3

鳄鱼和短吻鳄是两种常见的爬行动物，它们以强大的颚和锋利的牙齿而闻名。在生物学上，它们都属于鳄目，但属于不同的科。鳄鱼属于鳄科，而短吻鳄属于短吻鳄科。尽管它们在外观上有许多相似之处，但也有一些关键的区别。首先，鳄鱼和短吻鳄的颚部结构有所不同。鳄鱼的颚部（jaw）更为狭窄，呈V形，而短吻鳄的颚部则更宽，呈U形。

这种结构上的差异影响了它们捕食的方式。鳄鱼的下颚牙齿在闭嘴时会外露，这是它们的一个重要特征，而短吻鳄的牙齿则不会在闭嘴时外露。在感官感知方面，鳄鱼和短吻鳄都拥有高度发达的感觉激活系统。它们能够通过皮肤感知刺激，这涉及到感官知觉（sensory perception）的复杂过程。这些感觉包括对化学刺激的感知，这对于捕食和社交互动至关重要。

鳄鱼和短吻鳄的骨骼结构也有其独特之处。它们的骨头没有孔洞，这与许多其他爬行动物不同。这种结构使得它们的身体更为坚固，有助于在捕食和防御时提供支持。这些动物通常生活在浅水区域，这有助于它们利用环境进行伪装。在一项实验中，研究人员通过将染料注入鳄鱼体内并暴露于光线下，研究了它们的感觉激活。实验中，研究人员确保鳄鱼无法看到染料，以避免视觉干扰。这种实验方法有助于了解鳄鱼如何通过非视觉方式感知环境变化。

口语

TASK 1独立口语题

Some people think that parents should help children solve their problems. Others think that children should learn to solve problems on their own. Which point of view do you agree with? Explain why, using details and examples.

TASK 2校园题

The reading passage proposes making the campus meal plan more flexible by implementing two changes. First, students should be allowed to use their meal cards at various dining locations across campus. Second, the school should provide the option for carry-out meals.

In the conversation, the woman partially agrees with the proposal. She supports the first change because many of her biology classes are held in the Science Building, which is far from the main dining hall. As a result, she often doesn't have enough time to walk there for lunch and ends up grabbing something quick from the coffee shop in the building. Allowing the use of meal cards at multiple locations would make her daily routine much easier.

However, she disagrees with the second change regarding carry-out meals. She believes this could be inconvenient for students. For example, not everyone might remember to place an order in advance, and some students might have to carry their meals around all day, especially if they have morning classes. This seems impractical and could add unnecessary hassle to students' already busy schedules.

TASK 3学术讲座题

The reading passage discusses the Ratchet Effect, which explains that people tend to increase their spending when their income goes up, but they struggle to reduce their spending when their income decreases. This is because individuals get used to a higher standard of living and find it difficult to cut back.

In the lecture, the professor shares a personal experience that illustrates this concept. He mentions that during his younger years, he had to teach additional classes for a few semesters, which increased his income. With this extra money, he started eating out more often. However, when his income returned to its normal level, he found it very challenging to stop dining out. As a result, he faced financial difficulties and even accumulated credit card debt. This example clearly demonstrates how the Ratchet Effect can lead to financial problems when people are unable to adjust their spending habits to match their reduced income.

TASK 4 学术讲座题

The lecture discusses two protective features that marine animals in open waters use to avoid being detected by predators.

First, some marine animals are almost completely transparent, allowing light to pass through their bodies, which helps them blend in with the surrounding water. Their tissues are mostly colorless, although their internal organs might still be visible. An example of this is eels. In their juvenile stage, eels have a transparent and flat body shape, resembling a translucent ribbon. Their digestive system is also very simple, making it difficult for predators to spot them.

Second, marine animals can develop features that reflect water like a mirror, making them less visible to predators. An example of this is sardines. Sardines have silver scales covering their bodies, which reflect the light entering the water from the surface. This reflection makes the sardines appear like the water's surface, thus reducing their visibility to predators.

These adaptive features help marine animals survive in the open ocean by making it harder for predators to detect them.

写作

综合写作

A climbing plant known as kudzu was introduced into the southeastern United States, where it can enhance gardens and prevent soil erosion. However, it has since become an invasive species that kills off native plants. The reading claims that three methods of controlling the spread of kudzu have been proposed, but the listening material disagrees, believing that these three methods are not effective.

Firstly, the reading claims that removing the root crown can help eliminate this invasive species. Specifically, new vines grow from the root crown, and cutting it can help eradicate kudzu. In contrast, the listening material presents the opposite argument, stating that removing the root crown may not be effective. According to the listening material, the root crown starts to grow two to three centimeters below the soil and extends deep into the ground, making it difficult to find and cut. If any parts of the crown are left intact, a new kudzu vine will quickly regrow.

In addition, the passage mentions that transporting goats to certain areas and allowing them to graze on kudzu can help remove it. However, the lecturer asserts that this method may not work. The removal of kudzu requires goats to graze on it continuously in the same location for an extended period, but these goats will only stay for a short time before being moved to other areas infested with kudzu. Consequently, the kudzu will regrow soon after the goats are relocated. Thus, the lecturer heavily challenges the author's claims once again.

Lastly, the author asserts that microorganisms can feed on kudzu. According to the passage, scientists conducted an experiment in which kudzu was infected with fungus in the morning, and by the afternoon, signs of infection were already visible. However, the speaker is skeptical of this claim and suggests that there is a problem with this approach. Specifically, kudzu is widely spread, and controlling it would require a significant number of fungi, but there are not enough resources to cultivate them in the lab. Furthermore, if a person comes into contact with the plant infected with the fungi, they may experience skin irritation.

学术讨论