11月2日托福考情 阅读写作均命中原题！

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本场考试原题重现

阅读

R1

石器雕刻和壁画

考古学家大概在公元前几万年前的地层当中，发现了大量用骨头或者石头锁雕刻的雕像。除了在这些骨头上以及在一些壁画上，其实出现了大量的动物被捕捉和追逐的画面。科学家们很好奇他们创作这些画像的意义？一些考古人员认为这些艺术品是用于当时人类之间互相交流的，有一些作为文字的作用。但是因为时间太过久远，所以它实际的意义已经慢慢的被人遗忘了。曾经有考古学家挖出来了一幅像旗帜一样的话，它是由上千枚骨头所组成的。有些考古学家认为这些壁画其实是一些领土的标记。因为在公元前几万年前的时候人们涌入了该地区，这就给当地的生活带来了很大的压力，因此人们开始用一些符号来标记自己对一些物品的所有权。而在当地的洞穴内，画画就是一个非常好的去宣誓主权的方式。

而现在又有一些考古学家认为这些雕塑和壁画其实是有经济上的作用。因为当时洞穴上的壁画对于动物的数量和分类都进行了统计。而经过分析，他们发现在欧洲的一些国家的动物残骸之中，这其实有一定的相关性。一些比较小的没有攻击性的动物，这对于那些画家其实是一些食物，往往越是壁画当中描绘的动物，这对于他们经济的重要性来说就越高。而且当他们研究壁画的时候，会发现对于食物供给越多的动物，往往也会更多的出现在他们的壁画当中。但是这些理论也会受到一些挑战，因为当时的人还无法捕捉一些特别特别具有攻击性的动物，比如说熊或者狼或者是狮子，但是在壁画当中其实也出现了这些动物。

当时的考古学家研究了各种各样文化的横向比较。他们在世界各地的艺术品当中发现了一些相同的形状。当时的一些巫师为了与神灵来交换灵魂，因此他们会通过跳舞进食，以及在黑暗当中与世隔绝的方式来达到致幻的作用。而当世界各地的萨满当置换了之后，基本上描述的都是一些石器时代的简单的形状。而这些形状往往就会成为宗教仪式当中非常重要的一部分。

R2

insectwings

其实这么多年来，生物学家和考古学家，一直都在研究有翅膀的昆虫，到底是怎么进化出来的。因为就考古学的证据来看，这些有翅膀的昆虫是突然出现的，没有一个进化的过程。昆虫和会飞的哺乳动物有一个很明显的差别，那就是其实会飞的哺乳动物的翅膀往往是由腿进化出来的。因为有些生物学家认为昆虫后背上的一些肌肉可以使得这些昆虫能够很稳定的以及长距离的。哪怕不借助翅膀，也可以在空气当中进行滑行。因此这些昆虫借助这样一个结构，就可以在空中有效的来进行移动，甚至可以去躲避他自己的天敌。不仅可以躲避天敌这些身体上的结构，还可以帮助昆虫很好的去调节自己的体温。就飞行的角度来说。这些昆虫后背上的结构可以让他们的肌肉进行互相相连，并且可以上下的来进行拍动。因此很有可能原来在这些昆虫的身体上就有类似的结构出现，然后最终慢慢的发展出来了飞行的功能。

还有一个理论也是支持这些翅膀，其实是由腿部的一些结构发展出来的。这个理论与昆虫整个身体的结构是有一定的关联性的。也就是科学家们发现昆虫身上的一些飞行器官其实不是胸部的结构，而是更类似于腿部的结构。而且在昆虫翅膀上的一些肌肉的特征，也就是能够应对拉力和压力的一些肌肉，其实更多的是在身体的四肢上的肌肉特征，而不是身体躯干上的结构。

还有一种理论认为昆虫的翅膀可能来自于某些水中昆虫的鳃状结构。也就是一些昆虫，虽然已经从水里爬到陆地上了，但是因为一些原因仍然保留了鳃的这个器官，而这个器官本身还可以去调节这些昆虫的体温。因此，一些古代的昆虫仍然在空气当中可以用鳃来进行呼吸。因为腮可以起到一些拍打的作用，因此有些昆虫就可以感受风，甚至轻轻拍打，进而推动自己去划过一些水面。也许最早的飞行就是通过拍打塞来进行的。而且这些昆虫的移动也可以方便这些昆虫在水面进行滑行。然后这些鳃的力度慢慢增强，就能够让他们真正的来进行飞行了。而飞行能力的出现使得昆虫的移动能力大大增强，当然对于昆虫的躲避机制来说，其中最重要的一定是它的预警机制，通过预警机制可以通过感受空气的振动来触发他们的预警能力，并且让他们能够快速的逃跑。

听力

C 1

学生来找教授问能不能换时间考试，因为自己有一个在turkey的study broad program和考试时间重合，教授说了去年才改政策只能在教室里考

L1

这段地质讲座主要介绍了地壳构造和地幔的关系，阐述了板块构造的基本概念。地壳与上层地幔共同构成岩石圈，岩石圈由若干巨大的构造板块组成，这些板块缓慢漂移

L 2

讲的是土豆为什么在在欧洲的由来：讲了一开始土豆在欧洲不受待见，后来因为American revolution 政府要求多种土豆，土豆才开始在欧洲盛行

C 2

学生来抱怨说在图书馆没有bus的停车位，自己住的地方离得很远。本来另一个朋友也在图书馆学习可以开车带她一起，但是那个人去图书馆时间和自己不一样。学生说自己在家已经有一辆。再买一辆太贵了。然后教授说现在有一个share bicycle program，学生说自己可能一次用一天太贵了，教授说她骑到图书馆可以先锁起来不计费所以不贵。并且现在还没有很多人知道这个项目。

L 3

物理学 将牛顿发现了重力的存在。学生问为什么用law来描述这个定律。爱因斯坦发现了重力的起源，然后用卫星地图举例子。后面学生说了一个事。教授反驳这只是一个guess，不是科学理论。教授补充说hypothesis不是guese，hypothesis是在限制条件下的科学定理。学生拿自己最近做的一个化学实验采用了控制变量，来验证自己对hypothesis的理解是否正确

L 4

艺术讲的是电影的前身，一开始是法国剧团会在全世界巡回表演。再进一步是美国在固定的地方进行剧场表演。每场观众都爆满，因为吸收了各种各样文化背景的人

口语

TASK 1独立口语题

重复23年11月12日

If you were to take a history class, would you prefer a professor with extensive experience but minimal class discussions, or a new professor whorarely lecturesbut encourages active class participation?

TASK 2校园题

The university announces a policy that allow students’ meal to be picked up from any dining halls, and the students need to send an email to confirm this, and IDneeds to be presented in order for the meal to be picked up.This can allow sick students to recover quickly in their dorm room. The speaker agrees with this decision in general, because he got a sprained ankle and he had to order pizzas and spent twice the money as the normal. But besides that, the only option would be candies and chips in a dorm room vending machine but that's very unhealthy.So this plan is actually really helpful.

However, he disagreed with all the logistics. It's too much hassle to find somebody who has the time and can get the credentials at pickup. What should happen is that whoever's picking up the meal should only use the name of the students, and they can check the name from the student database and successfully pick up the meal.

TASK 3学术讲座题

Balance theory explains how people gather new information regarding somebody that contradicts with the old information, and they reshape their understanding to fit the existing opinion of the person. For example, the professor met the department newly hired professor and the first impression the professor got is that this new professor is an organized person, because the office is always clean, everything is stacked up, no random papers or books anywhere. However, once he was invited to this new professor's apartment and he saw that there are dishes everywhere, magazines and books laying around, it is a cluttered mess. So he was shocked and began to doubt whether this professor is an organized or not. But then he remembered that the new professor mentioned some friends was staying with him. He thought maybe it is because that he had entertained some guests and didn't have time to clean up.

TASK 4 学术讲座题

重复24.9.7

Aeroponic farming is a way to grow plants without soil. Instead, plants can be grown on stacks and in the air with the help of nutrient spray. There are two benefits. Firstly, it enables crop production where the condition of soil is poor or the soil contains toxic substances. Aeroponicfarming can help prevent these substances from being absorbed into plants and ensure the quality of food.

For example, in many large cities, due to manufacturing activities, the soil contains toxic substances like lead. If people eat plants grown on such polluted soil, they risk their health. So aeroponic farming could be useful solution that enables urban cultivation.

Secondly, aeroponic farming help plants deal with seasonal changes of weather. For example, tomato favors warm environment. In places where the winter is cold, farmers can rely on this method to increase the yield and profit of tomatoes.

写作

综合写作

重复2024.4.27 2021.11.13

The reading believes that the stripes discovered on some slopes of Mars are not related to liquid water. However, the listening portion disagrees, asserting that...

To begin with, the reading posits that these stripes on Mars are caused by sliding rocks and dust rather than water. The Martian atmosphere is not strong, so objects can fall directly onto the surface, creating repetitive slope patterns. The listening part, however, disagrees and argues that these stripes are indeed caused by water. Objects from space cannot consistently land in the same areas every year. Therefore, the appearance of these stripes in the same locations is unusual. The fact that they reappear annually suggests they are likely caused by flowing water.

Additionally, the article suggests that Mars is too cold for liquid water to form. Even at temperatures below freezing, however, salty water can still flow, indicating that the stripes on the Martian surface may be due to liquid water containing salt. Thus, the reading is strongly challenged by the professor.

Finally, regarding the lack of evidence from specialized instruments: the data collected by human satellites on Mars does not include any indication of water. On the contrary, the professor is skeptical of the article and claims that although no water has been detected by the spacecraft, it is very likely that this salty water has already evaporated, making it undetectable by the instruments. Additionally, any residual liquid water on the planet’s surface may have mixed with the soil, making it impossible to detect.

学术讨论

Doctor Achebe

In our upcoming lesson, we will explore the evolution of public health and its impact on the well-being of individuals. Considering the significant progress we've made in healthcare and nutrition, as well as the ongoing challenges such as sedentary lifestyles and stress, I'd like you to reflect on the following question: Do you believe that people are generally healthier now than they were in the past? Why or why not?

Paul

I believe that people are generally healthier today than they were in the past, and the advancements in medical care play a significant role in longer life expectancy. With the development of new drugs and treatments, we're able to combat illnesses that were once fatal, such as various forms of cancer and heart diseases.

Claire

While it's true that we've made incredible strides in healthcare and nutrition, the lifestyle-related health issues we face today were less common in the past, it's not just about medical advancements; it's about how we live our lives day to day. The quality of life is being compromised by our poor eating and exercise habits.