P1
·话题：生物话题；
·难度评估：较难
·篇章大意：
主要探讨群居动物和独居动物的生存策略与特点，涉及群居动物的优势与面临的问题，如竞争压力、疾病传播等，以及独居动物在繁殖后代方面的优势。
·文章内容梳理：
研究发现，群居动物发展有优势，但独居动物更易产生较多后代。群居动物需争夺优势地位，未获优势者要证明顺从，这都耗费觅食时间，且群体小也有竞争。不过，群居动物进化适应能力强。只是群居易导致疾病传染，虽有些动物进化出对抗方法，但不能消除威胁，如蜜蜂营造高温环境会带来工蜂耗能和食物竞争问题。群居动物群体越大，疾病传染风险越高，如燕子巢穴。当然，群居也有好处，像燕子群体觅食、企鹅挤在一起保暖、动物联合御敌，鱼类群居保护鱼卵。
P2
·科目话题：历史、生态话题；
·难度评估：较难
·篇章大意：
聚焦于 1000 多年前欧洲鱼类面临的危机，包括水坝建设对洄游鱼类的阻碍、鱼塘养殖的兴起与影响，以及欧洲人对淡水鱼和海洋鱼食用选择的转变
·文章内容梳理：
1000 多年前欧洲，因工业和农业发展，人口增长，人们修建大量水坝满足电力和农业用水需求。但水坝阻碍了洄游鱼类回出生地繁殖，还方便人类捕捞，使淡水鱼数量减少。后来有法律要求水坝留空间、定期拆隔离网让鱼洄游，同时欧洲兴起鱼塘养殖，起源于法国，后广泛传播。
池塘建在堤坝附近，阻碍鱼洄游、降低水体清澈度、掩埋鱼类栖息地，虽能为精英阶层供应鱼，但改变不了鱼类数量减少的事实，且池塘养的多是适应浑浊环境的鱼。洄游鱼回上游时因觅食变肥，天敌更倾向捕食其他淡水鱼。但欧洲人持续改造水流，淡水环境恶化，海鱼供应增加，最终欧洲放弃淡水鱼养殖，以海洋鱼类为主要食物来源。
具体内容待回忆；存在多套内容
conversation：
1. 学生与老师就演讲内容展开探讨。
2. 鉴于学生要准备体育考试，便和老师沟通学校里可供训练的场地位置。
3. 对即将来临的课程进行重新规划安排 。
lecture:
4. 历史话题：美国参议院与众议院
5. 生物学：海龟发声举动及其所起功能
6. 艺术学：古代艺术品的保护手段
7. 艺术学：工作室艺术中的拼贴画作， “studio art”
8. 环境科学：地球科学之微爆发，“Microbrust”
整理自：机构广州
第1套题目
Task1：
有些人认为看电视是浪费时间，你认为小孩看电视是否有益处？
Some people believe that it is a waste of time to watch TV. Do you think Is it beneficial for children to watch TV?
分析：
观点1: 看电视不是浪费时间
1. 电视节目是重要的知识来源。比如电视上有教育类的节目，纪录片，给人们提供免费的知识，让观众拓宽视野。
3.电视节目可以给人们提供很多娱乐，各种各样的电视剧，综艺节目，可以让人们在工作学习结束后放松。
观点2: 看电视是在浪费时间
1. 看电视容易上瘾，比如肥皂剧，综艺节目，人们一看就是好几个小时，没什么营养的内容，还会耽误工作学习的时间。
2. 人们看电视通常会久坐不动，边看边吃零食，甚至会熬夜煲剧，这样对健康非常不好。
重点词汇：
reliable source of knowledge or information知识或信息的可靠来源
documentary 纪录片 entertainment show 综艺节目 educational program教育类节目
get recharged 放松 be addicted to 上瘾 sit still 久坐
Task 2：
学校计划取消讲座系列活动，给出的缘由主要有两点：一方面，参与讲座课程的学生人数极为稀少，使得讲座的开展成效不佳；另一方面，邀请客座教授来访的费用过高，给学校带来了较大的经济负担。
但有学生对此提出不同看法。学生认为，参与人数少并非讲座本身不受欢迎，而是学校在宣传推广方面做得严重不足，导致大部分学生根本不了解有这些讲座活动。至于邀请客座教授费用高昂的问题，学生建议，若学校能够安排教授入住校内宿舍，便可以在很大程度上削减住宿开支，从而有效解决费用贵的难题 。
Task 3：
阅读
对一个人有misunderstanding, 因为这个人associate with其他人
听力
People in the professor's hometown wanted to elect a mayor, and they chose someone whose family was very famous. This person's mother had been a very good mayor before, so they chose him, but he didn't do well.
Task 4
2 ways ocean plants pollinate
第2套题目
Task 1：
马上买电子产品还是等一会买电子产品？
When new technology is invented, such as new mobile phones or computers, some people like to buy it as soon as it becomes available. Other people prefer to wait before they buy it. Which do you prefer? Why? Give reasons and examples to support your opinion.
分析：
观点1: 赞成迟些买
1.save money：新的产品上市后一段时间，价格会下降；甚至会有人以较低的价格卖出的二手产品。
2.make an efficient decision：新产品有很多问题，如系统or技术上的问题，所以我们可以参考用户对于产品的质量的评价。或者我们可以等厂家把这些问题解決后再买，避免做错误决定
观点2: 立马买
1.efficiency：新的电子产品往往有一些新的功能，越早使用，我们就能越早享受这些功能来帮助我们提升学习和工作效率。
2. Relationship：人们对最新的科技产品好奇，立马拥有的话，吸引更多周围的同学还有同事，因为他们回来询问关于产品信息。
重点词汇：
systematic and technical problem 系统和技术上的问题
fancy new features酷炫新功能 other users‘ reviews其他用户的评价 for reference参考
avoid making wrong dicisions 避免做错误决定 second-hand product 二手产品
第2套综合口语：
Task 2
阅读
学校取消社团额外资金申请, 强制学生自主规划预算, 建议通过筹款解决资金问题.
听力（女生观点）
支持新政策, 认为能培养财务规划能力. 举例环保社团通过卖T恤成功筹款, 既解决经费又宣传理念.
Task 3
Costly Signals
动物选择强健配偶以确保后代健康, 演化出"昂贵信号", 即通过高成本身体特征（如华丽装饰）展示自身强度.
听力:
雄孔雀的艳丽尾羽是典型例子. 沉重尾羽虽妨碍逃跑, 但能负重逃脱天敌的雄性更吸引雌性, 因此这一特征在演化中被保留并强化.
Task 4
Two advantages of business network
第3套题目
Task 1：
学校应该只教classical music还是流行音乐也要包含在内？
Some people believe that music education in school should focus only on classical and other traditional forms of music. Other people believe that students should also learn about current popular music in school. Which view do you agree with? Use details and examples to explain your opinion.
分析
观点1: 选择同意，
1. entertaining 年轻人都喜欢听流行音乐，如果课程中包含相关内容，能让学生更感兴趣，只教古典音乐学生会觉得无聊。
2. efficient to learn 流行音乐中表达的歌词和真实的生活体验更加相关，更通俗易懂，但是古典音乐结构比较复杂，也需要掌握基础理论，否则会让学生觉得很挫败。
重点词汇：
pop singer 流行歌手 city pop城市流行音乐 K pop=Korean pop 韩国流行音乐
related to 与xxx相关 understandable 可以理解的 basic theory基础理论 complex复杂的
Task 2
阅读
Teach kids to swim
听力
Disagree
1. College students are very busy and have no time to teach
2. Don't waste energy swimming, you can go to the park to run
Task 3：
阅读
intellectual property
听力
The professor's sister wrote a novel, and a company thought the novel was very good and wanted to adapt it into a movie. They needed to pay the sister and get her consent.
Task 4
Two ways specification occurs
1. a physical barrier a geographic obstacle
Eg: grand canyon in the United States
2. environmental conditions like climate
Eg: a species of plant growing at the Top of a large hill
一、学术讨论
今天的托福考试学术讨论上午场有3个题目，下午场有5个题，其中3个题是直接重复上午场的考题
上午场题目1：
Dr. Achebe
We will soon be discussing issues related to high school educational requirements. In many countries, there are core (central) study subjects that all high school students are required to take and pass in order to graduate. These requirements are fundamental to any curriculum—they express beliefs about which academic subjects should be prioritized. Where do you stand? If you had to choose, what one academic subject do you think is most important for today’s high school students? Explain your choice.
Claire
I think the most important subject for secondary students is math, and I think the absolute minimum level for graduation should be algebra. Math is critical for adult life, from personal finance to basic home repair. I feel like modern technology has degraded people’s basic math skills and made them too dependent on apps and machines to accomplish tasks.
Andrew
The one class that all students in high school should take and pass is biology. Understanding basic biology will not only give them a good background in general science, but it could also help them keep their own bodies healthy. For example, everyone should have some understanding of what effects medications have if there is a need to take them.
SAMPLE WRTIING:
In today's interconnected world, English should be the most important academic subject for high school students.
First, proficiency in English enhances communication skills crucial for personal and professional success. In an increasingly globalized job market, professionals often need to collaborate with colleagues and clients from diverse backgrounds. For instance, tech companies like Google and Microsoft require employees to communicate effectively in English, as it is the primary language of international business.
Second, understanding English is essential for accessing a wealth of information. Most scientific research, academic journals, and online resources are published in English, making it vital for students to engage with global knowledge. For example, platforms like Coursera and Khan Academy offer countless courses in various subjects, but the majority provide content primarily in English. Additionally, media literacy—critical for discerning reliable information—requires students to comprehend English-language news sources. Therefore, a strong foundation in English not only equips students with practical skills but also opens doors to extensive educational opportunities, making it indispensable in today's society. (168words)
上午场题目2：
SAMPLE WRITING:
Having a diverse workforce significantly enhances both efficiency and productivity within a business.
First, diversity fosters creativity by uniting individuals with varied perspectives, leading to innovative solutions. Companies like Google actively promote diversity in their hiring processes, resulting in teams that generate a broader range of ideas. This creative synergy helps develop features like enhanced accessibility options for users with disabilities, ensuring that organizations meet the diverse needs of a global market.
Second, a diverse workforce improves employee satisfaction. When employees see that their organization values inclusion, they are more likely to feel respected and understood. For example, at Microsoft, the strong commitment to diversity has led to higher morale and engagement. Initiatives such as employee resource groups and diversity training create an inclusive culture, which makes employees feel valued and connected. This sense of belonging reduces turnover rates and fosters a more stable workforce, ultimately lowering recruitment costs.
In summary, promoting diversity enhances creativity and employee satisfaction, both of which contribute to organizational success. (165words)
上午场题目3：
Dr. Achebe:
With so many opportunities to connect nowadays, some people believe that no matter which country we come from, we have more similarities than we have differences. However, others have observed that differences between themselves and people from other countries are growing. In your view, are differences between people from different countries increasing, or are they diminishing? Why?
Andrew
I think the differences among us are decreasing as our exposure to products from other countries grows. We can enjoy food from any country. We can watch movies made in faraway places. We can go to a store and buy authentic goods from around the world. These things become part of our normal life and make our differences seem smaller.
Kelly
I understand what Andrew is saying, but for some people, being exposed to differences makes them retreat into their own corner even more. Look at social media. We are exposed to many different people and ideas, but a lot of people talk to only those they agree with and ignore the rest. This only makes the differences between people increase.
SAMPLE WRITING:
In our globalized world, while some may argue that cultural exchanges are diminishing differences between nations, I believe that these differences are, in fact, increasing due to the rise of nationalism and cultural conflicts.
First, the resurgence of nationalism in many countries has led to a stronger emphasis on local identity and traditions. As people seek to preserve their cultural heritage, they may resist foreign influences. For example, in countries like India, the promotion of regional languages and customs in education helps reinforce local identity. In China, the revival of traditional cultural practices, such as the celebration of the Lunar New Year and the incorporation of Confucian values in education, emphasizes a return to cultural roots. This focus on local traditions often results in a greater awareness of differences between various cultures.
Furthermore, economic competition plays a significant role in increasing differences among nations. As countries strive to protect their industries from foreign competition, they often prioritize local products, leading to a sense of national pride. For instance, Italy's “Made in Italy” campaign promotes local fashion and food products, fostering a unique cultural identity that stands apart from global brands. This economic protectionism not only highlights local uniqueness but also reinforces the idea that distinct cultural identities are necessary to thrive in the global marketplace, thereby accentuating the differences between nations. (223words)
下午场题目：
上午场3个题目在下午场均有考察
下午场题目4：
Doctor
This week, we'll examine issues in education reform. For example, some educators think that by focusing mainly on foundational knowledge in subjects like reading, math, and science, schools are not fully preparing students for success in the workplace. These educators argue that soft skills-non-academic skills such as being empathetic or having a strong work ethic - should be part of the curriculum, with classroom time dedicated to developing these skills. Do you agree? Why or why not?
Claire
Soft skills are important, but I don't agree with using classroom time to work on them. I'm not sure how teachers would measure students' progress in developing these skills. If students' progress can't be measured on something being taught, I’m not sure if there's any point to teaching it.
Paul
I agree. While students need a strong foundation in academic subjects, soft skills are important because they affect how well students do their work. If classroom time is set aside for these skills, students will take them seriously and their academic work will benefit. Teachers could design lessons so that students learn about a skill and then do role-playing activities with classmates.
SAMPLE WRITING
In today’s rapidly evolving workforce, integrating soft skills into the curriculum is essential for student success. First, soft skills such as communication, teamwork, and problem-solving are critical for effective collaboration in professional environments. For instance, when students learn to work in teams during projects, they practice constructive feedback, negotiation, and conflict resolution, preparing them for real-world interactions. Second, incorporating soft skills into education promotes a more engaged learning atmosphere. When students participate in role-playing activities focused on empathy or leadership, they develop a deeper understanding of these concepts while connecting with their peers. For example, group discussions on ethical dilemmas can stimulate critical thinking and enhance emotional intelligence. Finally, cultivating soft skills can lead to improved academic performance. Studies show that students with strong interpersonal skills often achieve better grades, as they tend to collaborate more effectively on academic assignments. In conclusion, to prepare students for the complexities of the modern workplace, integrating soft skills into the curriculum is not only beneficial but necessary, fostering both personal and professional growth.
下午场题目5：
Professor Diaz
This week we will discuss issues faced by secondary school administrators. I'm referring to schools for teenage students. One such issue is students who change schools. Students change schools for many different reasons, the most common being a family move. On the discussion board, I want you to exchange ideas about what schools can do to make the transition to a new school easier for teenagers.
Claire
I think schools should assign new students a fellow student who can help them adjust. The "student buddy" can do things like make sure the new student can find the cafeteria or the right classrooms. For new students, it's a lot easier to ask a fellow student a question rather than ask a teacher or the principal.
Paul
I would require new students to sign up for some school club or activity that meets outside of class. That way, new students would have an easy way to meet other students in a friendly environment. It would give them a group to immediately identify with.
SAMPLE WRITING
Transitioning to a new school can be daunting for teenagers; therefore, secondary school administrators must implement effective strategies to facilitate this process. One common approach is to establish a peer mentoring program. By pairing new students with assigned mentors, schools can provide immediate support and guidance. These mentors can help newcomers navigate the school environment, introduce them to peers, and offer ongoing emotional support, mitigating feelings of isolation. For example, schools with student buddy systems report higher levels of engagement and satisfaction among new students.
Another effective strategy is to organize orientation sessions that familiarize new students with school policies and available resources. Such programs often include campus tours, introductions to key staff members, and overviews of extracurricular activities. These sessions create a welcoming atmosphere and provide essential information that helps students feel confident in their new surroundings. For instance, schools that incorporate comprehensive orientation programs have observed a decrease in early dropout rates and improved academic performance among new arrivals. By investing in these initiatives, schools can significantly enhance the adjustment experience for new students.
二、综合写作
上午场第1套综合写作：
农民能不能维持香草（vanilla）的种植
阅读：
1. 有很多小偷会偷
2. 成本太高赚不到钱
3. 人工的更便宜
听力一一回应：
1. 采取了措施，需要坐牢，偷窃率大幅下降
2. 现在直接卖给公司，没有中间商赚差价
3. 美国人不喜欢人造食品，大家更喜欢天然食品，所以不太会去买人工的那种
上午场第2套综合写作：
吸血鱿鱼是否以海雪为生 (whether vampire squids are indeed feed on marine snow)
阅读中认为不是：
1. Since marine snow lives in the deep ocean, Vampire squids will die because of lack of oxygen.
2. Vampire squids would be in danger because of predators.
3. Vampire squids, which belong to groups of cephalopods, have different diet from other cephalopods.
听力一一反驳：
1. Different from many ocean predators which need to exert their muscle energy when they chase prey, it is not necessary for the vampire squids to chase prey. It is because marine snow would flow down constantly in minimum oxygen zones. So they require less oxygen to survive in the deep ocean
2. The squids can be protected against the danger of keeping motionless to feed. It is difficult for the predators to spot the dark-colored squids in the deep waters where is lack of light. Also, the squids can produce natural light on their body surfaces to scare predators when they are spotted by predators.
3. The special diet of squids brings them a big advantage to compete for food with other animals. The reason is that they live in an area of the ocean in which most other animals cannot survive.
上午场第3套综合写作：
阅读：
造成虎鲸（Southern Resident Orcas）decline的三个原因
1. 污染形成的PCB堆积 inhibiting reproduce，因为这类虎鲸吃salmon
2. 观赏鲸鱼的船越来越多，引擎的声音让他们不能echolocation
3. bacteria infection
听力中一一反驳：
1. 当地还生活着其他种类的鲸鱼，他们会摄入更多的化学物质，但都没有影响繁殖
2. 科学家测量发现，船只引擎发出的噪音大概跟暴风雨一样大，而暴风雨不会影响鲸鱼的听觉
3. 鲸鱼体内有少量的某种细菌是不会生病的，人们需要确定鲸鱼真的有肺部损伤，但鲸鱼难以被检测，所以也不确定细菌的影响
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