大卫.皮卡斯 David Pickus
美国芝加哥大学历史博士，美籍历史学家、犹太学家前中国人民大学和浙江大学副教授教研教学兴趣：全球化的历史和文化；比较文化和价值体系；西方思想史和社会；文学与社会
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01
Advice about writing is not the same about medicine or life coaching. It is about improving in one of life’s most important skills. People who cannot write effectively, limit their chances.
#针对写作的建议和医生的药方或者人生教练的开导不一样。写作技能的训练将帮助我们提高生活中的重要技能。如果人们不能有效地通过写作来表达自己，会更容易失去人生中那些重要的机会。
02
Writing “captures” our thinking. It makes it more precise so that we can communicate more important thoughts to a larger group of people. Without writing, it is much harder for people to remember what we think.
#写作可以捕捉思考。通过写作精准地整理思维内容，我们得以与更多的人群进行沟通。没有了写作，人们将很难记住我们的所思所想。
03
Writing is something that can be planned. The planning is complex. Different people make different choices. However, there are basic principles that can be taught.
#写作是可以规划的，而规划往往是一个复杂的过程。不同的人会有不同的方法。然而，一些基本的原则是共通的。
04
First principle. Your goal is different than your theme. Your goal is the impact you are trying to achieve. Your theme is what makes you different from (most) other writers。
#第一个原则：你的目标并不是你的主题。目标是你想要实现的影响，而主题是你区别与其他写作者的地方。
05
Suggestion: define your goal according to the circumstances that lead you to write. Define your theme according to what you can speak about clearly and knowledgably.
#此处建议：反思和定义促使你写作的境况。通过你可以清晰又专业了解的内容入手来塑造主题。
06
Second principle. You think differently after you write a sentence or paragraph than you do during the moment you are writing. You spot and discover different kinds of difficulties during each moment in writing.
#第二个原则：在写完一句和一段文字后，你的想法往往已经改变了。事实上，在写作中的每个瞬间你都可能遇到不同类型的困难。
07
Suggestion: make a habit of thinking about yourself while you are writing. Also make a habit of thinking about a paragraph after you finish writing it. This will help you notice difficulties.
#此处建议：写作时培养自己的反思习惯。完成写作之后的写作总结将有助于我们发觉写作对于自己挑战的地方。
08
Third principle. Serious writing always has more than one layer. It is “many colored.” You cannot think about all aspects of your writing at the same time. That is the reason you must revise.
#第三个原则：严肃的写作通常不只简单的一层而是“多姿多彩”的。由于我们无法在写作的过程中估计思考所有的层次，我们需要在写完之后不断改善。
09
Suggestion: it is not enough to re-read and revise your work. It is most helpful if you re-read it from a different perspective.
#此处建议：只是单纯地重新审读和改写往往不够。最有帮助的是从一个不同的角度重读。
10
In work and university, people tend to have clear expectations of what successful writing looks like. Instead of asking “what should I write,” ask “how do you write successfully in this place.”
#在大学里和职场中，人们往往对于有成效的写作有着清晰具体的期待。所以问题不在于“我应该写什么？”而在于“在我身处的环境中，如何写作才是有效的？”
11
The internet is full of messages like “you get better by making mistakes.” However, it is better to say that your writing gets better when you notice that your old habits could be improved. Don’t stop examining your own work.
#如今人们常说：“你需要通过犯的错中进步。“ 但是，更准确的说法是，只有你注意到了你的老习惯的影响时，才会真正改善写作。所以不要停止审视你的作品。
12
Finally, improving your writing takes much work and is often difficult or unpleasant. However, it is an effort that clearly increases your opportunities.
#最后，提高写作是一件耗费功夫并且不总是让人感到快乐的。但是功夫不负有心人，最终生活一定会因此馈赠给你更多机会。
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