机考 SAT 阅读证据题和推理题不同的地方

#证据题

Digital SAT （机考）的证据题有两个类型，一个是文本证据（Textual evidence）,  另外一个是数据证据（Quantitative evidence），数据证据题比较明显，就是有图表的题。

文本证据一般的提问方式是

Which quotation from “To You” most effectively illustrates the claim?

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis?

所谓证据的意思就是在选项里面找一个答案，做为证据可以去支持或者反对文本中的某个观点‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

比如，

“To You” is an 1856 poem by Walt Whitman. In the poem, Whitman suggests that he deeply understands the reader, whom he addresses directly, writing, ______

Which quotation from “To You” most effectively illustrates the claim?

1. 
“Your true soul and body appear before me.”

2. 
“Whoever you are, now I place my hand upon you, that you be my poem.”

3. 
“I should have made my way straight to you long ago.”

4. “Whoever you are, I fear you are walking the walks of dreams.”‍

如果再笼统化下，就是下面的这个图示‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

值得注意的是，这种文本证据题也有反对的

比如下面这个来自于官方bluebook 的练习题问的就是拿个选项可以削弱（undermine）原文的某个观点‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

When digging for clams, their primary food, sea otters damage the roots of eelgrass plants growing on the seafloor. Near Vancouver Island in Canada, the otter population is large and well established, yet the eelgrass meadows are healthier than those found elsewhere off Canada’s coast. 【现象】To explain this, conservation scientist Erin Foster and colleagues compared the Vancouver Island meadows to meadows where otters are absent or were reintroduced only recently. Finding that the Vancouver Island meadows have a more diverse gene pool than the others do, Foster hypothesized that damage to eelgrass roots increases the plant’s rate of sexual reproduction; this, in turn, boosts genetic diversity, which benefits the meadow’s health overall. 【解释】

Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine Foster’s hypothesis?

1. At some sites in the study, eelgrass meadows are found near otter populations that are small and have only recently been reintroduced.

2. At several sites not included in the study, there are large, well-established sea otter populations but no eelgrass meadows.

3. 
At several sites not included in the study, eelgrass meadows’ health correlates negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations.

4. 
At some sites in the study, the health of plants unrelated to eelgrass correlates negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations.

这题题干本质是原文有个"现象<---解释"的逻辑链，题目要求我们要找一个选项去削弱这个逻辑链，也就是要证明原文的解释不对。D 选项有一定的干扰性，这个答案不能选的原因是 “plants unrelated to eelgrass” 和题干讨论的现象无关，所以和这个逻辑链无关，所以不能起到削弱的效果。‍

当然证据不管是加强还是反对，本质上都是要和证明的对象（就是上面两个题目的claim 和hypothesis ）建立起来重复关系。

#推断题

推断题一般的提问方式是‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

Which choice most logically completes the text?

以下是来自于bluebook 的例子

The domestic sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) descends from a wild plant native to South America. It also populates the Polynesian Islands, where evidence confirms that Native Hawaiians and other Indigenous peoples were cultivating the plant centuries before seafaring first occurred over the thousands of miles of ocean separating them from South America. To explain how the sweet potato was first introduced in Polynesia, botanist Pablo Muñoz-Rodríguez and colleagues analyzed the DNA of numerous varieties of the plant, concluding that Polynesian varieties diverged from South American ones over 100,000 years ago. Given that Polynesia was peopled only in the last three thousand years, the team concluded that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

1. the cultivation of the sweet potato in Polynesia likely predates its cultivation in South America.

2. 
Polynesian peoples likely acquired the sweet potato from South American peoples only within the last three thousand years.

3. human activity likely played no role in the introduction of the sweet potato in Polynesia.

4. Polynesian sweet potato varieties likely descend from a single South American variety that was domesticated, not wild.‍

类比证据题给个图式的话，就是下面这个‍‍‍‍

就是要由文本已经有的内容去推导出来选项。‍‍

当然能从文本推导出来的，一定是基于文本内容的重复。

所以证据题和推理题有一定的雷同的地方：都是和文本的重复（当然这是阅读题普遍有的特点）。

只是证据是“下对上”，推理题是“上推下”。另外一个证据题和推理题不同的地方是：证据题的答案可以是文本没有的新信息，只要能证明文本里的某个观点就好；但推理题的答案因为是从文本推出来的，所以不能是跳出文本范围以外的内容。‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

以上面这个题目为例，从文本能推出来的内容其实是很多的，所以我们读完文本，去找答案的时候，其实是找出3个从文本推不出来的选项，一般可能是文本没有的新信息，可能是和文本内容相反了，等等。‍‍‍‍‍

比如上面这个题目

The domestic sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) descends from a wild plant native to South America. It also populates the Polynesian Islands, where evidence confirms that Native Hawaiians and other Indigenous peoples were cultivating the plant centuries before seafaring first occurred over the thousands of miles of ocean separating them from South America. To explain how the sweet potato was first introduced in Polynesia, botanist Pablo Muñoz-Rodríguez and colleagues analyzed the DNA of numerous varieties of the plant, concluding that Polynesian varieties diverged from South American ones over 100,000 years ago. Given that Polynesia was peopled only in the last three thousand years, the team concluded that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

1. the cultivation of the sweet potato in Polynesia likely predates its cultivation in South America.
 与文中内容相反，potato 是从南美传到P的，不可能P更早
2. 
Polynesian peoples likely acquired the sweet potato from South American peoples only within the last three thousand years.
 与文中内容相反，原文已经明确了是10万年前来到P的
3. human activity likely played no role in the introduction of the sweet potato in Polynesia.
 P 的人是3000年前来的，但potato 是10万年前就到P了，所以这个potato不是人带来的
4. Polynesian sweet potato varieties likely descend from a single South American variety that was domesticated, not wild. 新信息：到底是南美个哪个potato 种子，不知道

‍

这两个题型在机考SAT 阅读里的占比蛮高，首先做题的时候可以注意下题目的特点，另外做完分析的时候，可以看下文本和选项之间的重复方式。‍‍‍‍‍

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