GRE阅读测试哪些能力

简单来说当然就是阅读能力。

ETS在官方指南上对阅读能力做了细分，但没有给例子。我们简单地补充一下具体考察方式，以及针对这些能力要求，说一下如何更好备考GRE阅读。

第一种能力：认识单词。

GRE里的单词除了常见托福词汇，还有一些是更学术一点，门槛更高的词汇。所以需要专门记忆。而且很难说背多少遍才算完，只要还考，就要再背。具体到阅读单词，如果已经背过托福词汇，再加上一直在背的填空单词，基本可以解决阅读生词的问题。如果做题过程中还有不认识的，可以专门记下来积累。尤其是那种熟词辟义特别值得积累。考查形式上，其实可以说每个题型都是以单词为基础，最正经考单词的阅读题型就是词汇题。

例题：In early-twentieth-century England, it was fashionable to claim that only a completely new style of writing could address a world undergoing unprecedented transformation— just as one literary critic recently claimed that only the new “aesthetic of exploratory excess” can address a world undergoing well, you know…

In the context of the passage as whole, “address” (lines 3 and 6) is closest in meaning to

1. reveal
2. belie
3. speak to
4. direct attention toward‍
5. attempt to remediate‍

第二种能力：要能读懂单个句子。

认识所有单词可能读出来的句子意思是不合理的，或者感觉合理但实际上不是作者想表达的意思。虽然有的作者写得比较活泼，省略、倒装样样都来，但大部分句子还是符合基本的语法结构。备考的时候，不掌握语法概念，但起码熟悉常见句子结构，弄清楚主干和修饰。如果句子结构上的分析不足已确定意思，还可以考虑语义和语境的合理性。

比如下面这段话的最后一句。…But much of this investment went to specialized plants, many of them unsuitable for postwar production. Large-scale, wartime government funding led to a massive increase in the number and scale of munitions facilities. By the war’s end, 216 munitions establishment costing more than $3.5 billion had been built, many of them located in the south. Indeed, according to one estimate, more than 70 percent of federally financed manufacturing construction capital in Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee went into munitions plants.有的同学会误以为最后一句话是说联邦给了一大笔钱给这几个州，这么理解的话语法和语境上都不对。语法上70%后面的基数是“federally financed manufacturing construction capital in Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee”是联邦分配给这几个州的资本的70%被这些州进一步分配给了军需厂，至于这些州本身拿了联邦多少钱，占比多少是不清楚的。从语境上这么理解的话，跟前面强调的观点就没什么关系。作者前面想说很多钱去了军需厂，没有办法用“很多钱去了某些州”来证明/展开。

这部分能力的提升除了专门分析长难句以外，还可以通过多读来解决，尤其是可以多读以前做过的文章，多读外刊杂志。

第三种能力：总结文章或者段落大意。 

这部分可能会考到主旨题。总结的时候可以重视段落前一两句话，或者存在着转折词（but…）以及表达结果（therefore…）之类的词。例题： Analyzing levels of proportional representation of American Indians in state and local government jobs is important for several reasons. First, the basic idea underlying the theory of representative bureaucracy is that the demographic composition of bureaucracy should mirror the demographic composition of the general public…Second… Third…

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. Summarize a demographic trend over time

B. Present findings on a demographic group

C. Analyze the demographic composition of a type of job

D. Explain the need for particular social research

E. Argue for the implementation of a social policy

第四种能力与前一种相关。

在做主旨题的时候可能出现一些选项在原文中出现过，但只小观点，可以被另一个更有概括性的选项所涵盖，这时候就不能选。备考的时候可以多分析下文章的行文逻辑，找到多个观点以后，尝试从逻辑词（比如上文的第一第二）以及从观点实质含义上去区分大小观点以及它们之间的支撑关系。比如上一题的B选项，原文确实有一两句话呈现了相关发现，但更重要的是在讲为什么要去研究，去得出相关发现，重点不是发现本身。

第五种能力：从原文信息得出结论。

这种题既然是从原文给的信息来，答案跟原文越接近越好，最好就是同义替换。如果确实所有的答案都需要加一些预设，就看哪个答案加的预设是最朴实无华能让人接受的。

例题：Years ago, consumers in Frieland began paying an energy tax in the form of two Frieland pennies for each unit of energy consumed that came from nonrenewable sources. Following the introduction of this energy tax, there was a steady reduction in the total yearly consumption of energy from nonrenewable sources.

If the statements in the passage are true, then which of the following must on the basis of them be true?

1. There was a steady decline in the yearly revenues generated by the energy tax in Frieland.
2. There was a steady decline in the total amount of energy consumed each year in Frieland.
3. There was a steady increase in the use of renewable energy sources in Frieland.
4. The revenues generated by the energy tax were used to promote the use of energy from renewable sources.
5. The use of renewable energy sources in Frieland greatly increased relative to the use of nonrenewable energy sources.

第六种能力：懂得行文逻辑，句子作用。

这种一般就考目的题。备考的时候还是要注意逻辑词对句子作用的暗示，如果没有逻辑词就要考虑实际句子意思和上下文句子之间的关系（解释、反驳或者平行等）。做这种题的时候要注意优先选信息对应的原文中出现过的观点，而不要自己去推论。例题：In 1776, the state of New Jersey adopted a constitution that ignored gender in its suffrage clause, defining voters simply as adult residents worth at least fifty pounds. After 1776…However, they also saw the net worth qualification as serving to prevent an overdemocratization of the voting process.

Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the passage?

1. To suggest that New Jersey legislators in 1776 were insincere in their commitment to voting nights for women
2. To indicate that there was a lack of consensus among New Jersey legislators regarding the final version of the 1776 suffrage clause.
3. To indicate that the New Jersey legislators in 1776 did not favor unqualified access to voting rights.
4. To undermine the evidence suggesting that New Jersey legislators in 1776 believed that all who possessed sufficient net worth were entitled to vote
5. To suggest that the absence of gender references in the final version of the 1776 suffrage clause may have been accidenta‍


第七种能力：识别作者论证中的预设。

在论证过程中作者一般出于行文简洁性和对读者能力尊重的考虑会隐含一些作者认为众所周知的前提，这就是作者的预设。这些预设恰恰是我们削弱或者反驳作者论证的关键，也有一些题会直接问作者预设了什么。备考的时候要注意对作者给出的事实和想论证的观点之间做细致的概念区分，一些概念上的差异很可能就是找到预设的关键。例题：A certain masonry technique in which frameworks built of stone blocks were filled with rubble was thought to have been in use in the ancient city of Triveza only until 200 B.C. Recently, however, the rubble in some walls built using this technique has been found to contain shards of a type of pottery that was manufactured only after 50 B.C. Clearly, this technique was still used to build walls in Triveza after 50 B.C.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

1. Most of the surviving walls that were built in Triveza using the technique contain shards of pottery that was manufactured earlier than 200 B.C.
2. The exact composition of the filler material did not affect the likelihood that walls built using the technique would survive to the present day.
3. Walls built with the technique were not sometimes repaired using new rubble.
4. Prior to 200 B.C., the technique using rubble as filler was the only masonry technique used to build walls in Triveza.
5. No masonry technique employed in ancient Triveza other than the technique at issue made use of rubble as a building material.‍

第八种能力：找他因。

这种能力跟前一种相关。很多时候作者论证预设的就是某个现象有且仅有自己熟悉的那个原因，ETS希望我们严谨一点，考虑下会不会可能有其他原因的存在。比如有时候你比较惨，可能是因为时代进程的问题，也可能是因为个人奋斗的问题。

例题：In Stanton the average number of people injured per automobile accident is consistently higher for accidents involving a taxicab than for those not involving a taxicab. Although all Stanton taxicabs are equipped with passenger seat belts, taxicab drivers reporter that passengers tend not to use them. It is likely, therefore, that if taxicab passengers were required to use seat belts, the number of people injured per accident would soon be no higher for taxicabs than for other automobiles.

Which of the following, if true about Stanton, most seriously weakens the argument?

1. The number of automobile accidents has been declining in recent years.
2. Since taxicabs are driven more miles annually than most other vehicles, they are more likely to be in an accident during any given year than is the average vehicle.
3. There are more taxicabs in operation, relative to the overall number of motor vehicles, than there are in most cities of Stanton’s size.
4. The number of people, including the driver, who occupy a vehicle is generally greater for taxicabs than for other vehicles.
5. Not all passengers in automobiles other than taxicabs use seat belts.