NHBB参赛必备历史知识点-第④期

European History欧洲历史

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1964) were co-founders of a Modern Art style called Cubism.

巴勃罗·毕加索(1881-1973)和乔治·布拉克(1882-1964)共同开创了立体主义，属现代艺术风格之一。

02Beheading by the guillotine was the primary mode of execution during the French Revolution. 断头台是法国大革命期间主要的处决刑具。

03Adam Smith (1723-1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher who wrote The Wealth of Nations. 亚当·斯密(1723-1790)是苏格兰道德哲学家，著有《国富论》。

图源：百度百科

04The Crimean War was fought between the Russians and an alliance of the British, French, and the Ottoman Empire. 克里米亚战争是俄罗斯人与英、法、奥斯曼帝国联盟之间的战争。

05Queen Victoria (1819-1901) ruled the United Kingdom from 1837 until her death in 1901. 1837年，维多利亚女王(1819-1901)统治英国，直到1901年去世。

图源：百度百科

06Italian Fascism was founded by Benito Mussolini (1883-1945), who led Italy during World War II. 二战期间，贝尼托·墨索里尼(1883-1945)领导意大利并创立了意大利法西斯主义。

Latin American History拉丁美洲历史

01The Incan Empire extended from modern-day Argentina to southern Colombia. 印加帝国从今天的阿根廷一直延伸到哥伦比亚南部。

图源：百度百科

02Ernesto “Che” Guevara (1928-1967) was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary who was a key figure in bringing Fidel Castro to power in Cuba. 埃内斯托·切·格瓦拉(1928-1967)是阿根廷马克思主义革命家，是推动菲德尔·卡斯特罗掌握古巴政权的关键人物。  

03Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) was a Mexican surrealist painter whose notable works include Memory, the Heart and Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird. 弗里达·卡罗(1907-1954)是墨西哥超现实主义画家，代表作有《记忆，心》、《带荆棘项链和蜂鸟的自画像》等。

图源：麦田艺术官网

 04Mexico was home to five major civilizations, including the Aztec, Maya, and the Olmec. 墨西哥是五大文明的发源地，包括阿兹特克、玛雅和奥尔梅克等。

图源：百度百科

American History美国历史

01Between 1848 and 1855, the California Gold Rush saw the migration of prospectors, or “forty-niners”, after gold nuggets were found in the Sacramento Valley.

1848年至1855年，人们在萨克拉门托河谷发现金块，随后大量淘金者陆续迁来加州，引发“淘金热”。

图源：百度百科

 02The “I Have a Dream” speech was delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) on August 28, 1963. 1963年8月28日，马丁·路德·金(1929-1968)发表了名为《我有一个梦想》的演讲。

图源：百度百科

03Henry Kissinger (1923 - ) served as the secretary of state under Richard Nixon. 亨利·基辛格(1923 -)曾担任理查德·尼克松政府的国务卿。  

04The Whig Party was a political party that rivaled the Democratic Party between the mid-1830s to the mid-1850s.19世纪30年代中期到50年代中期，辉格党与民主党（托利党）相争。

图源：百度百科

05Geronimo (1829-1909) was an Apache leader who led resistance against American and Mexican incursions of the Apache homeland. 杰罗尼莫(1829-1909)是阿帕切族的领袖，他领导了抵抗美国和墨西哥入侵阿帕切族领地的运动。  

06Kit Carson (1809-1868) was an American frontiersman who lends his name to the capital of Nevada. 基特·卡森(1809-1868)是一位美国前线军人，内华达州首府卡森城以他的名字命名。

07Henry Clay (1777-1852) was a former Secretary of State and Congressman whose incredible negotiation skills earned him the nickname “The Great Compromiser.” 亨利·克莱(1777-1852)是美国前国务卿和国会议员，他出色的谈判技巧让他被称为“伟大的调解者”。

08The American Red Cross was founded by Clara Barton (1821-1912). 美国红十字会由克拉拉·巴顿(1821-1912)创立。

图源：百度百科

 09The Louisiana Purchase was the 1803 acquisition of land west of the Mississippi River. “路易斯安那购地案”是美国于1803年收购密西西比河以西土地的交易案。  

10Frederick Douglass (1817 or 1818-1895) was an abolitionist who published the North Star. 弗雷德里克·道格拉斯(1817或1818-1895)是一位废奴主义者，创办了《北极星报》。

图源：百度百科

 11The inaugural First Lady of the United States was Martha Washington (1731-1802). 玛莎·华盛顿(1731-1802)是美国首位“第一夫人”。

图源：百度百科

12In January 2002, George W. Bush (1946 - ) established the Guantánamo Bay detention camp following the 9/11 attacks. 2002年1月，乔治·W·布什(1946 -)在“911”恐怖袭击后修建了关塔那摩监狱。

13Robert E. Lee (1807-1870) was the overall commander of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. 罗伯特·E·李(1807-1870)是美国内战期间南方邦联军队的总指挥。